Which of the following pathogens is transmitted through contaminated water?

Both the Hepatitis A virus and Cryptosporidium are known to be transmitted through contaminated water, which is why the correct answer encompasses both of these pathogens.

The Hepatitis A virus is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, which can occur when water or food that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected person is ingested. Outbreaks can happen in areas with poor sanitation and can be linked to recreational water sources that have been contaminated.

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal illness. It is also transmitted through water contaminated with feces, leading to outbreaks in both drinking water and recreational water settings such as pools and lakes. The oocysts of Cryptosporidium are resistant to chlorine disinfection, making it particularly challenging to control in water treatment systems.

This knowledge is critical for sanitarians, as it underscores the importance of monitoring water quality and ensuring proper sanitation practices to protect public health from these pathogens.