Which of the following is a common disease transmitted through contaminated water?

Cholera is a well-known infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, primarily spread through water contaminated with fecal matter that contains the bacteria. This typically occurs in areas with inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and limited access to clean drinking water. The disease can lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. Therefore, cholera serves as a prime example of a waterborne disease, highlighting the importance of water quality and sanitation in public health. The other options listed, such as diabetes, asthma, and hypertension, are not primarily transmitted through water but are influenced by a variety of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.